Still others reject many of the classical approaches, but even here the ideas of classical sociology serve as a point of debate and departure. Some develop and update the ideas of classical sociology, while others combine ideas from several classical sociologists. Contemporary sociologists have taken several lines of development. While they were not as comprehensive in their analysis of the social world as is contemporary sociology, these classical writers defined the discipline of sociology and developed models and methods which contemporary sociologists must consider. In Europe, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim developed the major theoretical approaches to an analysis of the social world. In general, behavioral act is characterized by meaningful and active role of the subject.Notes on Structural Functionalism and Parsonsīeginning with Parsons and the functionalist approach to sociology we leave the classical sociologists – Marx, Weber, and Durkheim – and examine more recent sociological approaches. In addition, the behavior affect the memories of positive and negative emotions. According to Anokhin, in the structure of the behavioral act afferent feedback compared with the acceptor of the result gives a positive or negative situational emotions affect the correction or termination of action (another type of emotion, leading emotions, are associated with satisfaction or dissatisfaction needs in general, with the formation of the target). Meeting the needs (authorizing termination of stage)Ĭhoice of targets and methods of achieving them are the key factors that regulate behavior.The action is formed, but is not manifested externally)Īt this stage, comparison of the actual running of the ideal image created during the formation of acceptor result of the action (the reverse occurs afferentation) based on a comparison of the action, or adjusted, or terminated. Efferent synthesis (or the stage of the program, integration of somatic and autonomic excitations in a single behavioral act.The formation of action result acceptor (creating the ideal image and its retention goals, presumably, at the physiological level is circulating in the ring interneuron excitation).Situational afferentation (arousal from familiar surroundings, causing a reflex, and dynamic stereotypes).Pad afferentation (excitation caused by conditioned and unconditioned stimuli).Synthesis determines the following factors: Afferent synthesis Any excitement in the central nervous system there is in interaction with other excitations: the brain analyzes these excitations.System of a second type supports homeostasis due to a change of behavior, interaction with the outside world and are the basis of different types of behavior.System of the first type provide homeostasis due to internal (existing) resources of the body, inside its boundaries (e.g.There are two types of functional systems: "The principle of functional systems": association of private mechanisms of the body in a holistic system of adaptive behavioral act, the establishment of "integrative unity". In contrast to reflexes, which are based on linear spread of information from receptors to executive organs through the central nervous system, functional systems are self-organizing non-linear systems composed of synchronized distributed elements. Contrary to reflexes, the endpoints of functional systems are not actions themselves but adaptive results of these actions. The theory of functional systems is a model that describes the structure of conduct, which was established by Russian and Soviet biologist and physiologist Pyotr Anokhin.įunctional systems were put forward by Anokhin as an alternative to the predominant concept of reflexes.
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